Ear, Nose & Throat ENT Disorders What Does the Color of Your Phlegm Mean? By Kristin Hayes, RN Updated on August 31, 2023 Medically reviewed by Benjamin F. Asher, MD Print Phlegm is a type of mucus made in your chest. It tends to be thicker than the mucus that is in your nose and sinuses. It is also called sputum. This article will go over what phlegm is, why your body makes it, and why you might have more or less of it than usual. Daniel Allan / Getty Images Why Your Body Makes Mucus What Causes Phlegm? Phlegm can be produced in response to a variety of health conditions, including: Acid refluxAllergiesAsthmaInfections, such as the common coldLung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis Smoking and consuming beverages that lead to fluid loss, such as those containing caffeine and alcohol, can also cause your body to produce phlegm. Asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis can cause changes to your phlegm. They can increase the amount of phlegm and make it thicker and harder to clear. What Does Phlegm Color Mean? It’s a myth that the color of your phlegm can tell you if you need antibiotics. However, there are some things that you can learn by looking at the color of your phlegm. Here are a few examples of what different colored phlegm might mean: Bright red or dark red phlegm is also called hemoptoic sputum. Bright red phlegm usually means there is fresh blood in the airway, while dark red phlegm means the blood is older. Pink phlegm that is frothy can be a sign of fluid and swelling in the lungs (pulmonary edema). White or yellow phlegm happens when your body’s immune system is fighting an infection, whether it’s bacterial or viral. It can also happen if you have allergies. Green phlegm can occur if you have an infection. However, you won’t be able to tell what kind of infection you have just by looking at your phlegm. You’ll need to see your provider to find out what is causing the infection and to get the right treatment. Brown phlegm often happens in people with chronic lung disease. It usually is caused by a mix of blood and bacteria. Black or gray phlegm is also called melanoptysis. It can be caused by coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, which happens when coal dust gets trapped in the lung tissue. Why Am I Coughing Up White Mucus? Emergency Signs If you have an infection, you might see blood-streaked phlegm when you cough into a tissue. While it might be startling to see, a small amount is not necessarily a sign of a serious problem. The blood on a tissue might not be from your lungs—it could also be from your nose or even a cut in your mouth. If the blood is coming from your lungs, it might look bubbly because it’s mixed with air. However, if you’re coughing up more than a few teaspoons of blood, you need to seek medical attention right away. If you’re also having trouble breathing or have signs of an infection (like a fever), you need emergency care. When Is Coughing up Blood an Emergency? How to Get Rid of Phlegm Changes in the bottom layer of mucus affect how phlegm moves to the throat. They can also change the thickness (viscosity) of the phlegm. If the phlegm becomes thick, you’ll need a strong cough to help move it into your throat. When you can’t clear the phlegm, it can get stuck in your airway and make it harder for you to breathe. If you have thick phlegm that you can’t clear with coughing, you might have to take medication to help thin it out. Here are a few examples of medications that can thin phlegm: Antibiotics: If you have thick phlegm from a bacterial infection, your provider might prescribe a course of antibiotics. Expectorants: These medications (such as guaifenesin) help you to cough the phlegm up. Many of them are available over the counter (OTC) at your local pharmacy. Mucolytic: These medications (like acetylcysteine) thin mucus and make it easier to cough up. How to Treat Increased Mucus in the Lungs Summary The body makes different kinds of mucus. Phlegm is one important type of mucus. It is important to the normal functioning of your airways. While they have some similarities, phlegm is not the same as the “snot” that you see when you have a runny nose. However, phlegm and other kinds of mucus can happen at the same time. Sometimes, phlegm can create problems. For example, if you have an infection and the phlegm gets thick, it can be hard to cough up. If this happens, it can affect your breathing. You might need to take medications to help thin the mucus and make it easier to clear. Devices to Clear Your Airways 8 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Lillehoj EP, Kato K, Lu W, Kim KC. Cellular and molecular biology of airway mucins. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2013;303:139-202. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407697-6.00004-0 Pabreja K, Gibson P, Lochrin AJ, Wood L, Baines KJ, Simpson JL. Sputum colour can identify patients with neutrophilic inflammation in asthma. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2017;4(1):e000236. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2017-000236 Harvard Health Publishing. Don’t judge your mucus by its color. O'Gurek D, Choi HYJ. Hemoptysis: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2022;105(2):144-151. Liu R, Wang J, Zhao G, Su Z. Negative pressure pulmonary edema after general anesthesia: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(17):e15389. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000015389 Schäfer J, Griese M, Chandrasekaran R, Chotirmall SH, Hartl D. Pathogenesis, imaging and clinical characteristics of CF and non-CF bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18(1):79. doi:10.1186/s12890-018-0630-8 Donaldson K, Wallace WA, Elliot TA, Henry C. James Craufurd Gregory, 19th century Scottish physicians, and the link between occupation as a coal miner and lung disease. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2017;47(3):296-302. doi:10.4997/JRCPE.2017.317 Scaglione F, Petrini O. Mucoactive agents in the therapy of upper respiratory airways infections: fair to describe them just as mucoactive? Clin Med Insights Ear Nose Throat. 2019;12:1179550618821930. doi:10.1177/1179550618821930 Additional Reading American Thoracic Society. (2015). What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Runny Nose (with green or yellow mucus). Martínez-girón R, Mosquera-martínez J, Martínez-torre S. Black-Pigmented Sputum. J Cytol. 2013;30(4):274-5. Nadel, J.A. (2016). Airway Epithelium and Mucous Secretion. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 6th ed. 10, 157-167. National Health Service. (2015). Coughing up blood (blood in phlegm). Rogers, D.F. (2014). Airway Mucus and the Mucociliary System. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. 47, 739-753 Rubin, B.K. (2002). Physiology of Airway Mucus Clearance. Respir Care. 47(7), 761-8 Barnes, P.J., Drazen, J.M., Rennard, S.I. & Thomson, N.C. (2002). Asthma and COPD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management. Academic Press : Elsevier By Kristin Hayes, RN Kristin Hayes, RN, is a registered nurse specializing in ear, nose, and throat disorders for both adults and children. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Medical Expert Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Other Helpful Report an Error Submit